Comparison Level (CL): This is the internal standard or expectation an individual has for a relationship, often based on past experiences and social norms. It determines satisfaction.
Comparison Level for Alternatives (CLalt): This is the evaluation of the lowest level of rewards an individual will accept in light of available opportunities outside the current relationship. It determines stability.
If the current outcome is higher than the CL, the person is satisfied; if the outcome is higher than the CLalt, the person is likely to stay in the relationship.
A person may stay in an unsatisfying relationship (Outcome < CL) if they perceive no better alternatives (Outcome > CLalt).
| Concept | Focus | Primary Goal |
|---|---|---|
| Social Exchange | Individual Profit | Maximizing personal net gain (Rewards - Costs). |
| Equity Theory | Fairness | Ensuring the ratio of inputs to outputs is equal for both parties. |
| Altruism | Other-Oriented | Providing benefits to others with no expectation of return. |
Unlike economic exchange, social exchange involves unspecified obligations where the timing and nature of the return are not strictly negotiated.
Social exchange relies heavily on trust, as there is no legal contract to enforce the reciprocity of the 'payment' or reward.
Identify the Variables: When analyzing a scenario, clearly label what constitutes a 'reward' (e.g., praise) and what constitutes a 'cost' (e.g., long commute).
Distinguish Satisfaction vs. Stability: Remember that CL relates to how happy someone is, while CLalt relates to whether they will leave. You can be unhappy but stay, or happy but leave for something better.
Check for Reciprocity: Look for whether the interaction is one-sided or mutual, as the theory emphasizes the 'exchange' aspect over time.
Watch for Subjectivity: Always consider that what one person views as a reward (e.g., constant attention), another might view as a cost (e.g., loss of privacy).
The 'Selfishness' Trap: A common mistake is assuming SET implies people are purely selfish; however, 'rewards' can include the psychological satisfaction of helping others.
Ignoring Cultural Context: Students often forget that the 'value' of rewards and costs is heavily influenced by cultural norms and individual personality traits.
Over-quantification: While the formula is useful, social exchanges are rarely calculated with mathematical precision in real life; they are based on subjective perceptions.
