The Central Nervous System (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, acts as the primary co-ordinating centre for rapid responses.
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes all the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body, facilitating communication between receptors and effectors.
Information is transmitted as electrical impulses along specialised cells called neurones, allowing for near-instantaneous communication.
The standard pathway follows the sequence: .
Muscle Contraction: When a motor neurone stimulates a muscle, it contracts to produce movement, such as pulling a limb away from a harmful object.
Glandular Secretion: When stimulated by a nerve or hormone, glands release substances (e.g., enzymes or hormones) to alter body chemistry.
Feedback Loops: Many co-ordination responses involve monitoring the outcome to adjust future signals, ensuring the body maintains a stable internal state.
Sequence Accuracy: Always ensure you list the components of a response pathway in the correct order; missing the 'coordinator' or 'receptor' is a common error.
Terminology Precision: Distinguish clearly between a 'neurone' (the cell) and a 'nerve' (a bundle of neurones).
Effector Identification: If asked to identify an effector, ensure you name the specific muscle or gland involved rather than just the organ.
Comparison Questions: When comparing the two systems, always use comparative language (e.g., 'faster than', 'longer-lasting than') to secure full marks.
