Seating and Gender: In Orthodox synagogues, men and women sit separately, often divided by a screen or balcony called a Mechitza. In Reform synagogues, families sit together in mixed seating to reflect modern views on gender equality.
The Bimah's Location: In many Orthodox settings, the Bimah is placed in the center of the room to involve the whole congregation. In Reform settings, it is often placed at the front, similar to a pulpit, to create a more formal lecture-style atmosphere.
Language and Music: Orthodox services are conducted almost entirely in Hebrew and usually lack instrumental music on Shabbat. Reform services often include the local vernacular (e.g., English) and may feature organs or choirs.
The Minyan: Certain prayers, such as the Kaddish or the reading of the Torah, require a quorum of ten adults. In Orthodox tradition, this must be ten men; in Reform tradition, women are included in the count.
Direction of Prayer: All synagogues are designed so that the congregation faces Jerusalem during prayer. This physical orientation serves as a constant reminder of the spiritual homeland and the history of the Jewish people.
Aniconism: Following the commandment against 'graven images', synagogues do not contain statues or depictions of God or people. Decoration is limited to geometric patterns, calligraphy, or symbols like the Star of David.
Identify and Explain: When asked about features, do not just list them; explain their symbolic meaning. For example, don't just say 'there is a light'; explain that the Ner Tamid represents God's eternal presence.
Use Hebrew Terminology: Using terms like instead of just 'the box' or instead of 'the stage' demonstrates a higher level of subject knowledge and precision.
Compare Denominations: Be prepared to discuss how the physical layout of a synagogue reflects the theological beliefs of the specific branch of Judaism (e.g., the use of a Mechitza in Orthodox settings).
Functional Analysis: If a question asks why the synagogue is important, address all three 'Beit' functions: Prayer, Study, and Assembly. This provides a comprehensive answer covering religious and social aspects.
