Reproduction of Labour: The family provides a low-cost method for capitalism to ensure a constant supply of new workers. By bearing and raising children, families 'produce' the next generation of labour without the state or corporations having to pay for the full cost of human development.
Unit of Consumption: Modern families are vital to the economy as consumers of mass-produced goods. Corporations use targeted advertising and 'pester power' (children persuading parents to buy) to ensure that family income is funneled back into the hands of the bourgeoisie.
Inheritance of Wealth: The family facilitates the passing down of private property and wealth from one generation to the next. This ensures that the children of the bourgeoisie remain in the ruling class, while the children of the proletariat remain workers, effectively freezing social mobility.
Educational Advantages: Wealthy families can afford private education and resources that provide their children with a head start. This 'cultural and economic capital' reinforces the class system by ensuring academic success is largely determined by family background rather than merit.
| Feature | Functionalist View | Marxist View |
|---|---|---|
| Core Outlook | Positive and consensus-based | Critical and conflict-based |
| Role of Family | Cornerstone of society | Tool of capitalist exploitation |
| Socialisation | Benefits society and individual | Benefits the ruling class |
| Inequality | Promotes stability | Perpetuates class divisions |
Identify the 'Macro' Perspective: Remember that Marxism is a macro-theory, meaning it looks at the big picture of society. When evaluating, point out that it often ignores the small-scale, personal, and diverse experiences that individuals have within their families.
Use Key Terminology: To gain high marks, you must use specific terms like 'unit of consumption', 'ideological functions', and 'reproduction of labour'. Ensure you can link these terms directly to the survival of the capitalist system.
The Zaretsky Connection: Zaretsky is the most frequent name associated with this topic in exams. Be prepared to explain how he believes the family 'illusively' offers a haven from capitalism while actually supporting it.
The 'Evil Family' Myth: A common mistake is thinking Marxists hate the family as a concept. They actually argue that the capitalist version of the family is the problem because it forces people to find emotional fulfillment in a narrow, private sphere rather than in the wider community.
Ignoring Other Inequalities: Marxists are often criticised by feminists for focusing too much on social class. In your analysis, always note that while Marxists look at the 'boss vs. worker' dynamic, they might overlook the 'husband vs. wife' power struggle within the home.
