Mean (Average): Calculated by summing all values in a dataset and dividing by the total number of entries (). It provides a central value but can be skewed by outliers.
Median: The middle value when data is arranged in ascending order. It is often more representative than the mean if the data contains extreme anomalies.
Anomalies: Data points that deviate significantly from the general trend. In coastal studies, these might be caused by recent rockfalls, human interference (like groynes), or measurement errors.
Line of Best Fit: A line drawn through the center of the points on a scatter graph to represent the underlying trend, ignoring minor fluctuations.
| Feature | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
|---|---|---|
| Source | Direct fieldwork/observation | Existing records/publications |
| Examples | Pebble measurements, wave counts | OS maps, Met Office weather data |
| Advantage | Specific to the enquiry site | Provides historical/large-scale context |
| Limitation | Time-consuming and localized | May be outdated or generalized |
Hypothesis Testing: The conclusion must explicitly state whether the initial hypothesis was supported or rejected based on the analyzed data.
Critical Evaluation: This involves identifying limitations in the enquiry design, such as insufficient sample sizes, equipment failure, or timing issues (e.g., measuring after a storm).
Improvements: Suggesting specific changes for future studies, such as increasing the number of sample sites or using more precise digital equipment to reduce human error.
Graph Completion: When asked to complete a graph, always match the existing style (e.g., same bar width, same symbol type) and use a ruler for precision.
Show Your Workings: For statistical calculations like the mean, always write out the full sum and division. This ensures partial credit even if the final arithmetic is wrong.
Rounding Rules: Pay close attention to instructions regarding decimal places. If the second decimal is 5 or higher, round up the first decimal; if 4 or lower, keep it the same.
Anomalies: When identifying an anomaly, don't just point it out; explain why it might have occurred (e.g., 'Site 5 is near a groyne, trapping larger sediment').
